PHYSICS LAB
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Gas-particle thermodynamics laboratory

Watch macroscopic gas laws emerge from microscopic motion, collisions, heating, cooling and compression.

TEMPERATURE300 K
PRESSURE101 kPa
RMS SPEED509 m/s
COLLISION RATE0 /s
PROBE0 particles

What to notice

Pressure arises from particle impacts on the chamber walls. Temperature measures average random kinetic energy. Heating increases typical speeds; compression reduces volume, raises collision frequency and usually increases pressure. At equal temperature, lighter molecules move faster than heavier ones.

PV = NkBT   ·   ⟨Ek⟩ = kBT in 2D   ·   vrms = √(2kBT/m)

Educational two-dimensional hard-disc model. It is not a full three-dimensional molecular-dynamics or real-gas calculation.